Mutismo selectivo: análisis psicodinámico desde la teoría de D. Winnicot / Selective mutism: psychodinamic analysis from Winnicott's theory

El Mutismo Selectivo (MS) es un trastorno poco frecuente dentro de la psiquiatría infantil. La prevalencia en estudios internacionales en niños entre 4 y 7 años va desde un 0,7 a un 2%, y la prevalencia es mayor en mujeres que en hombres. El desarrollo del MS ocurre antes de la edad de 5 años y mas comúnmente entre los 2,5 y los 4 años. El objetivo del presente es revisar algunos elementos de la evidencia actual acerca del MS y poder ampliar la mirada desde un análisis psicodinámico en base a la Teoría de Winnicott. Palabras claves: Mutismo selectivo, Winnicott, ansiedad, agresividad.

Selective Mutism (SM) is a rare disorder in child psychiatry. The prevalence in international studies in children between 4 and 7 years old ranges from 0.7 to 2%, and the prevalence is higher in females than in males. The onset of SM occurs before the age of 5 years of age and more commonly between 2.5 and 4 years of age. The objective of the present study is to review some elements of the current evidence about SM and to be able to broaden the view from a psychodynamic analysis based on Winnicott's theory. Key words: Selective mutism, Winnicott, anxiety, aggression.

Efectividad del tratamiento temprano de niños con mutismo selectivo en los centros educativos / Effectiveness of early treatment of children with selective mutism in educational centers

Resumen El mutismo selectivo (MS) es un trastorno de ansiedad de baja prevalencia, lo que dificulta su investigación. Pese a su inicio temprano su diagnóstico no suele hacerse antes del acceso a la escolaridad obligatoria. El objetivo de este estudio fue valorar la eficiencia de un protocolo cognitivo-conductual para la intervención psicológica en el contexto educativo (ipmsce), siguiendo los criterios de la Task Force in Promotion and Dissemination of Psychological Procedures. Participaron 10 niños que presentaban una demora inferior a dos años entre el inicio del MS y su diagnóstico (1.00 ± 0.54). La edad media fue de 4.94 años y el 80% fueron niñas. Se utilizó un diseño de acumulación de casos, con medidas del tratamiento antes de su aplicación, al finalizar y en un seguimiento a los 12 meses, obtenidas a través de los padres, los profesores y un test situacional. Los resultados muestran la efectividad de la intervención.

Abstract Selective mutism (SM) is an anxiety disorder of low prevalence, which makes its investigation difficult. Despite its early start, its diagnosis is not usually made before access to compulsory schooling. The objective of this study was to assess the efficiency of a cognitive-behavioral protocol for psychological intervention in the educational context (ipmsce), following the criteria of the Task Force in Promotion and Dissemination of Psychological Procedures. Ten children with a delay of less than two years between the onset of SM and its diagnosis (1.00 ± 0.54) participated. The average age was 4.94 years and 80 % were girls. A case accumulation design was used, with measures of treatment before its application, at the end and in a followup at 12 months, obtained through parents, teachers and a situational test. The results show the effectiveness of the intervention.

Congenital deaf-mutism with pale complexion and anemia for 1 year in a school-aged girl / 中国当代儿科杂志

An 11-year-old girl was found to have pale complexion and anemia with gradual aggravation for one year. She was weak in the past and developed pneumonia in the right middle lung 3-5 times per year, which was improved after anti-infective therapy. She and her mother had congenital deaf-mutism. Physical examination showed the appearance of anemia, without bleeding, jaundice, hepatosplenomegaly, or lymph node enlargement. Routine blood test results showed reductions in all three blood cell lines, normocytic anemia, and megaloblastoid change in granulocytic and erythroid cell lines in bone marrow, with no obvious increase in primitive cells or metastatic tumor cells. Whole exome sequencing indicated the presence of a known pathogenic mutation for Emberger syndrome (ES), c.1084C>T (p.Arg362*) in the GATA2 gene. The girl was finally diagnosed with ES, and myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) progressed to acute myeloid leukemia during follow-up. ES is a rare type of MDS with autosomal dominant inheritance in clinical practice, and it is difficult to make a confirmed diagnosis. ES should be considered for children with unexplained lymphedema and congenital deafness, and gene detection should be performed to make a confirmed diagnosis.

A voz no autismo: uma análise baseada em autobiografias / Voice in autism: an analysis based on autobiographies / La voz en el autismo: un análisis basado en autobiografías

Neste artigo, abordamos a voz no autismo a partir da análise de autobiografias de autistas e de seus pais. Para esta finalidade, enfocamos manifestações como o mutismo, o grito gutural, o monólogo, a expressão irruptiva de palavras esporádicas, a ecolalia, uma língua privada não compartilhada, o recurso a intermediários como o gravador, a mimetização de voz de animais, o recurso a scripts de personagens Disney ou livros. Após descrevermos e sinalizarmos alguns aspectos importantes evidenciados nessa maneira singular de se relacionar com a voz, apontaremos algumas nuanças do funcionamento psíquico do autista.

In this paper, we analyse voice in autism based on the analysis of autobiographies written by autistics and their parents. For this purpose, we focus on manifestations such as mutism, guttural scream, monologue, the irruptive expression of sporadic words, echolalia, a private non-shared language, the use of intermediaries such as tape recorders, animal voice mimicry, Disney characters or books. After describing and signaling some importante aspects evidencied in this unique way of relating to the voice, we will point out some nuances of the psychic functioning of the autistic.

En este artículo trataremos de la voz en el autismo a partir del análisis de autobiografías de autistas y de sus padres. Para tal finalidad, abordamos manifestaciones como el mutismo, el grito gutural, el monólogo, la irrupción de palabras esporádicas, la ecolalia, una lengua privada no compartida, el recurso a intermediarios como el grabador, la mimetización de la voz de animales, el recurso a guiones de personajes de Disney o a libros. Tras describir e indicar algunos aspectos importantes puestos de manifiesto en esta manera singular de relacionarse con la voz, señalaremos algunos matices del funcionamiento psíquico del autista.

Neuroanatomical Mechanism of Cerebellar Mutism After Stroke

Cerebellar mutism (CM) is a rare neurological condition characterized by lack of speech due to cerebellar lesions. CM is often reported in children. We describe a rare case of CM after spontaneous cerebellar hemorrhage. The patient showed mutism, irritability, decreased spontaneous movements and oropharyngeal apraxia. Diffusion tensor imaging revealed significant volume reduction of medial frontal projection fibers from the corpus callosum. In Tracts Constrained by UnderLying Anatomy (TRACULA) analysis, forceps major and minor and bilateral cingulum-angular bundles were not visualized. Cerebello-frontal pathway reconstructed from the FMRIB Software Library showed continuity of fibers, with decreased number of fibers on qualitative analysis. These results suggest that cerebello-frontal disconnection may be a neuroanatomical mechanism of CM. Damage of brain network between occipital lobe, cingulate and cerebellum caused by hemorrhage may also have role in the mechanism of CM in our case.

Remote Cerebellar Hemorrhage Presenting with Cerebellar Mutism after Spinal Surgery: An Unusual Case Report

Dural injury during spinal surgery can subsequently give rise to a remote cerebellar hemorrhage (RCH). Although the incidence of such injury is low, the resulting hemorrhage can be life threatening. The mechanism underlying the formation of the hemorrhage is not known, but it is mostly thought to develop after venous infarction. Cerebellar mutism (CM) is a frequent complication of posterior fossa operations in children, but it is rarely seen in adults. The development of CM after an RCH has not been described. We describe the case of a 65-year old female who lost cerebrospinal fluid after inadvertent opening of the dura during surgery. Computerized tomography performed when the patient became unable to speak revealed a bilateral cerebellar hemorrhage.

O corpo petrificado: um caso de conversão histérica e mutismo seletivo / The body petrified: a case of hysterical conversion and selective mutism

Um olhar sobre a evolução da psicanálise revela que o corpo sempre foi central para o funcionamento e para o desenvolvimento da mente. A histeria e sua característica definidora, a conversão, são sensíveis às correntes culturais e, em lugares como o Irã, a gama limitada de opções sociais e interpessoais para as mulheres torna tal solução autoplástica ainda possível. Este artigo foca o tratamento psicanalítico de uma jovem mulher iraniana que apresenta conversão histérica e mutismo seletivo. A paciente apresenta-se em uma cadeira de rodas e muda, após um coma prolongado que se sucedeu a uma dramática rejeição por parte um parceiro amoroso. A sua apresentação trouxe à mente ideias de depressão essencial e de narcisismo negativo. O tratamento foi adaptado a partir da Escola Psicossomática de Paris, sendo conduzido por uma psicoterapeuta treinada em psicodinâmica no Irã, supervisionada nos Estados Unidos por uma psicanalista de origens iranianas. No decurso das primeiras dez sessões, a paciente voltou a falar e a se movimentar. O processamento mental da transferência foi encorajado e, até a vigésima terceira sessão, a paciente caminhava. Abordamos a paciente como uma feminista não declarada, cujos sintomas imitavam modos culturalmente aceitáveis de expressar a sua angústia. O nosso objetivo foi recuperar a linguagem perdida que pudesse conectar-lhe a mente ao corpo(AU)

A glance at the evolution of psychoanalysis reveals body to have always been central to the function and development of the mind. Hysteria, and its defining characteristic conversion are responsive to cultural currents and in places like Iran, the limited range of social and interpersonal options for women make such an autoplastic solution still likely. This article details psychoanalytic treatment of a young woman presenting with hysterical conversion and selective mutism in Iran. The patient, who was wheelchair-bound and mute presented after an extended coma following a dramatic rejection by a romantic partner. Her presentation brought to mind notions of essential depression and negative narcissism. Treatment was adapted from the Paris Psychosomatic School and was carried out by a psychodynamically trained female psychotherapist in Iran, supervised by an Iranian- born female psychoanalyst in the United States. Within the first 10 sessions, the patient regained speech and movement. Mentally processing the transference was encouraged and by session-23, the patient walked. We approached the patient as a closet feminist, one whose symptoms mimicked culturally acceptable ways of expressing her distress. Our aim was to recover the lost language that could connect her mind and body(AU)

El cuerpo petrificado: un caso de conversión histérica y mutismo selectivo Una revisión de la evolución del psicoanálisis revela que, para esta teoría, el cuerpo siempre fue central para el funcionamiento y para el desarrollo de la mente. La histeria y su conversión característica y definidora son sensibles a las corrientes culturales y, en lugares como Irán, la gama limitada de opciones sociales e interpersonales para las mujeres hace que aún sea posible dicha solución autoplástica. Este artículo se centra en el tratamiento psicoanalítico de una joven mujer iraní que presentaba conversión histérica y mutismo selectivo. La paciente, en una silla de ruedas y muda, se presentó tras un coma prolongado que sobrevino después del rechazo dramático dirigido a la joven por una pareja amorosa. Su presentación puso sobre el tapete nociones de depresión esencial y de narcisismo negativo. El tratamiento se adaptó de acuerdo a los preceptos de la Escuela Psicosomática de París y lo condujo una psicoterapeuta en psicodinámica en Irán, supervisionada en Estados Unidos por una psicoanalista de origen iraní. En el transcurso de las primeras diez sesiones, la paciente volvió a hablar y a moverse. Se estimuló el procesamiento mental de la transferencia y en la vigésimo tercera sesión la paciente caminaba. Abordamos a la paciente como una feminista no declarada cuyos síntomas imitaban modos culturalmente aceptables de expresar su angustia. Nuestro objetivo fue recuperar el lenguaje perdido que pudiera conectar su mente al cuerpo(AU)

Tractografía de la vía dento-rubro-talámica en mutismo cerebeloso postoperatorio en niños con tumores de fosa posterior / Analysis of diffusion tensor imaging tractography of the dentate-rubro-thalamic pathway in postoperative cerebellar mutism in children with posterior fossa tumors

Introduction: Cerebellar mutism syndrome refers to the muteness (lack of speech) that follows lesions of the cerebellum. It’s characterized by a late onset, limited duration, and in some cases long-term language sequelae. Its pathogenesis it s not clear yet, but it has been attributed a role to a damage of the dentate nucleus and of the dento-rubro-thalamic tract. Objectives: Identify potential risk factors (clinical or anatomical) to predict the onset of cerebellar mutism after posterior fossa surgery Compare, using MRI analysis and DTI tractography, the integrity of the dento-rubro-thalamic tract in patients with and without cerebellar mutism. Methods: Prospective follow up study of patients operated of posterior fossa tumors between November 2012 and 2013. We performed a study with DTI of the dento rubro thalamic tract in pacients with and without postoperative mutism. Results: 53 patients under the diagnosis of posterior fossa tumor underwent surgical resection. 5 pacients presented postoperative mutism (9,4 percent). There was a significant association between postoperative medulloblastoma diagnosis and postoperative mutism. Tumor volume was not significant. The volume of left and right dento rubro thalamic tract were significantly lower in patients with cerebellar mutism. The fractional anisotropy of the right superior cerebellar peduncle was also lower in patients with postoperative mutism. Conclusions: The postoperative cerebellar mutism is a relevant complication after a posterior fossa surgery. Our study supports the role of dento rubro thalamic tract damage in the pathogenesis of this syndrome. Special care must be taken during surgery to prevent damage to this tract.

Introducción: El síndrome mutismo cerebeloso consiste en falta del habla posterior a lesiones del cerebelo. Se caracteriza por inicio tardío, duración limitada, y ocasionalmente secuelas lingüísticas. Su patogenia no está clara, pero se ha atribuido un rol a daños en el núcleo dentado y en la vía dento-rubro-talámica. Objetivos: Identificar posibles factores de riesgo (clínicos o anatómicos) asociados a la aparición de mutismo cerebeloso después de una cirugía de fosa posterior. Comparar, mediante un análisis de resonancia magnética (IRM) y tractografía por tensor de difusión (DTI), la integridad de la vía dento-rubro-talámica en pacientes con y sin mutismo cerebeloso. Métodos: Estudio prospectivo de pacientes operados por tumores de fosa posterior entre noviembre de 2012 y 2013. Se analizó con DTI la vía dento-rubro-talámica en pacientes con y sin mutismo postoperatorio. Se comparó la volumetría del tracto en ambas cohortes. Resultados: Cincuenta y tres pacientes con diagnóstico de tumor de fosa posterior fueron sometidos a cirugía de exéresis. Cinco pacientes presentaron mutismo postoperatorio (9,4 por ciento). Hubo una asociación significativa entre el diagnóstico de meduloblastoma y mutismo postoperatorio. El volumen tumoral no fue significativo. El volumen de la vía dento-rubro-talámica fue significativamente menor en pacientes con mutismo, en forma bilateral, así como la anisotropía fraccional del pedúnculo cerebeloso derecho. Conclusiones: El mutismo cerebeloso es una complicación relevante después de una cirugía de fosa posterior. Nuestro estudio apoya el papel del daño de la vía dento-rubro-talámica en la patogénesis de este síndrome. Se debe tener especial cuidado durante la cirugía para prevenir daños al núcleo dentado.

A Selective Mutism Arising from First Language Attrition, Successfully Treated with Paroxetine-CBT Combination Treatment

After immersion in a foreign language, speakers often have difficulty retrieving native-language words and may experience a decrease in its proficiency, this phenomenon, in the non-pathological form, is known as first language attrition. Self-perception of this low native-language proficiency and apprehension occurring when speaking is expected and, may sometimes lead these people to a state of social anxiety and, in extreme forms, can involve the withholding of speech as a primitive tool for self-protection, linking them to selective mutism. We report an unusual case of selective mutism arising from first language attrition in an Italian girl after attending a two-year "German language school", who successfully responded to a paroxetine-cognitive behavioral treatment (CBT) combination treatment.

Supplementary Motor Area Syndrome and Flexor Synergy of the Lower Extremities

Clinical presentation of supplementary motor area (SMA) syndrome includes complete akinesia of the contralateral side of the body and mutism, with secondary recovery of neurologic deficit. Multi-joint coordination is frequently impaired following the development of a brain lesion and is generally restricted by abnormal patterns of muscle activation within the hemiparetic limb, clinically termed muscle synergies. However, no work to date has confirmed this observation with the aid of objective methods, such as gait analysis, and the development of reflex pattern has not been suggested as a possible cause. We describe two unusual cases of flexor synergy after tumor resection of SMA lesions.

Mutismo cerebelar transitório após cirurgia para tumor de fossa posterior em criança / Transient cerebellar mutism after posterior fossa surgery in childhood

Mutismo cerebelar é uma condição rara associada a cirurgias na fossa craniana posterior. É descrita como complicação com maior frequência em crianças, ocorrência após ressecção de tumores cerebelares, principalmente os situados na linha média. O status mental e a cognição não são significativamente acometidos. Relata-se um caso de mutismo transitório em criança de 4 anos de idade após ressecção cirúrgica de um ependimoma cerebelar. No segundo dia de pós-operatório, observou-se quadro de mutismo com recuperação completa 3 meses depois. O substrato anatômico desta complicação é discutido e uma breve revisão da literatura é realizada. Este caso vem somar-se aos poucos casos relatados na literatura desta rara complicação da cirurgia de fossa posterior em crianças.

Inbreeding as a cause for deafness: Dadhkai study.

BACKGROUND: We report on the higher prevalence of deaf-mutes from a village in Jammu and Kashmir State of India. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A cross-sectional study among 79 deaf mutes using pedigree analysis, audiometry, imaging and molecular analysis. RESULTS: A high rate of hereditary deafness with 79 individuals diagnosed to be suffering from non-syndrome deafness in a total population of 2452 individuals residing in the village. INTERPRETATION: Flourishing of intermarriages led to a population with high prevalence of deafness.

Recollections of J.B.S. Haldane, with special reference to Human Genetics in India.

This paper is a brief account of the scientific work of J.B.S. Haldane (1892–1964), with special reference to early research in Human Genetics. Brief descriptions of Haldane's background, his important contributions to the foundations of human genetics, his move to India from Great Britain and the research carried out in Human Genetics in India under his direction are outlined. Population genetic research on Y-linkage in man, inbreeding, color blindness and other aspects are described.

Application of a web-based cognitive-behavioural therapy programme for the treatment of selective mutism in Singapore: a case series study

<p><b>INTRODUCTION</b>Selective mutism (SM) is characterised by limited or a lack of speech in selected social settings. Recent reviews suggest that cognitive-behavioural therapy (CBT) is an effective and promising treatment approach for SM. However, there is still a lack of studies documenting the applicability of CBT for SM in diverse populations. The goal of the present study was to examine the use of a web-based CBT programme ('Meeky Mouse') among Singaporean children diagnosed with SM.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Five children with SM (one boy and four girls aged 6-11 years) participated in the 14-week 'Meeky Mouse' programme, in addition to being prescribed with an unchanged dosage of fluoxetine 10-20 mg daily. The progress made by the children throughout the course of the programme was documented by the therapist.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Post treatment, four out of the five children demonstrated improvements in the frequency of speech during therapy sessions at home, in school and at other social situations.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Findings from the present study provide support for the use of a web-based CBT programme in improving speech and decreasing the severity of SM among affected children.</p>

Augmentative and Alternative Communication Training Using Eye Blink Switch for Locked-in Syndrome Patient

Locked-in Syndrome is a severe pontine stroke causing quadriplegia, lower cranial nerve paralysis, and mutism with preservation of only vertical gaze and upper eyelid movement in a conscious patient. We present a case of a Locked-in Syndrome patient who received communication training with augmentative and alternative communication equipment by using eye blinks. After 3 weeks of training, the patient was able to make an attempt to interact with other people, and associate a new word by Korean alphabet selection. Augmentative and alternative communication equipment which uses eye blinks might be considered to be beneficial in improving the communication skills of locked-in syndrome patients.

Comparison of catatonia presentation in patients with schizophrenia and mood disorders in Lagos, Nigeria

To compare the clinical profile and pattern of catatonic symptoms of patients with schizophrenia and mood disorder. Records of 13,968 patients seen between 1983-1985 and 2003- 2005 were reviewed for symptoms of catatonia by resident doctors in psychiatry. Cases in which the diagnosis were schizophrenia or mood disorder were then noted. Socio-demographic and clinical features were described for each diagnosis. There were a total of 98 cases with catatonia out of the 13,968 case notes reviewed. Schizophrenia accounted for 82.5% and 53.4% in the two periods, while the proportion associated with mood disorders increased from 10% to 20.7%. Male to female ratio was 1.2:1 in schizophrenia and 1:3 in mood disorder. Those with schizophrenia were younger and with an earlier age of onset of symptoms than those with mood disorders. Catatonia associated with mood disorder was found to be increasing over the years when compared with schizophrenia. Differences were observed in socio-demographic characteristics and number of predominant catatonic symptoms. Having a separate category for catatonia due to the mood disorders in the current diagnostic guidelines [10[th] edition of the International Classification of Diseases and the 4[th] edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual] will help in better diagnosis of catatonia

Giant asterional dermoid cyst with dermal sinus; a case report

Dermoid cyst with dermal sinus in occipital region is extremely rare occurrencl and still rarer in asterion region. We report a case of dermoid cyst with dermal sinus at the asterion probably the second case of world literature and discuss the findings. 16 year-old female patient with mental retardation and inability to speak since childhood presented with history of progressive increasing swelling since childhood over the left side of occipital region. Local examination and investigations were suggestive of extracranial cystic lesion. The lesion was excised completely. When excision of such lesions is contemplated, careful attention must be paid during exploration. Failure to recognize intracranial communication in such lesions may result in fatal consequences. Pre-operative suspicion of such a connection helped us to identify the underlying defect intra-operatively and facilitated safe excision

Akinetic Mutism following Spontaneous Subarachnoid Hemorrhage: A Case Report / 대한뇌혈관외과학회지

Akinetic mutism (AM) is a rare complication of spontaneous subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). It is characterized by mutism and general hypokinesis in a patient superficially fully awake in that the eyes remain open and follow objects. Most common cause of AM in patients with SAH is secondary infarction in the distal anterior cerebral artery (DACA) territory. Sometimes post-SAH hydrocephalus has also been implicated in a delayed form of AM because of disruption of dopaminergic pathway. We report a case of 64-year-old woman who presented with sudden bursting headache without neurologic deficit. She was referred from the other hospital with a diagnosis of spontaneous SAH on head computed tomography (CT) which showed high density on sylvian, interhemispheric fissures and basal cistern. We performed computed tomographic cerebral angiography (CTA) and trans-femoral catheter cerebral angiography (TFCA), that revealed no definitive intracranial aneurysm, arterial dissection, or other vascular abnormality of the SAH. During admission period, she developed mutism and motor weakness of all limbs without spontaneous movement. We performed brain magnetic resonance (MR) image and RI cisternography. Also we prescribed levodopa. On the 33th hospital day, she had neurological recovery with drowsy mentality and grade 4 weakness of all limbs, but she was observed to suddenly develop general weakness and became cardiac arrest on the 55th hospital day. Efforts to resuscitate her failed, no more treatment could not be applied. In our case, we couldn't find infarction in the DACA terriority, midbrain or cerebellum except communicating hydrocephalus. This case may alert neurosurgeon to recognize the possibility of such rare complication after spontaneous SAH.

Psychological burden of a child with cerebral palsy upon caregiver in erbil governorate

A with disabled child have a great burden on caregiver is, they are under the risk of having depression, anger, and can be under great stress. Caregivers have stroking emotional and behavioural changes such as forgetfulness, depression, dependence, lack of motivation, often felt confined, and fatigue from their responsibilities. To assess the psychological burden of child with Cerebral Palsy [CP] upon his/ her caregivers. A descriptive study was conducted in the Helena Center [HC] in Erbil Governorate for handicapped children from 15[th] February to 15[th] March 2005; Data were analyzed by using frequencies, percentages, mean of scores, comparative significant, Pearson's correlation, and multi regression analysis. Of the study indicate that [85%] of caregivers are child's mothers [68%] their age between [25-38] years, [60%] are illiterate, [79%] come from low Socio Economic Status [SES], [46%] live in crowded situations, [50%] of CP at preschool age, [54%] were males, [58%] of CP children diagnosed at infant stage. [80%] of CP is spastic type, [34.4%] of CP children have mutism, and [33.7%] has Mental Retardation [MR] accompanying CP. There is a highly significant association between the psychological burden and the age of caregiver. crowding index, complications like mutism, MR and epilepsy